Artificial intelligence (AI) could play a crucial role in designing buildings resilient to both climate extremes and infectious disease threats, according to new research involving Charles Darwin University (CDU).
A study led by the University of Tehran, CDU, and Australian Catholic University has reviewed how AI is increasingly used in smart buildings, with a sharp focus on energy efficiency and improved building management.
The research highlights a growing challenge: buildings are responsible for more than two-thirds of global carbon emissions and energy use, but managing and reducing this energy consumption remains difficult and costly.
“The review found AI could be valuable in improving building ventilation and thermal comfort,” said study co-author and CDU adjunct Associate Professor Niusha Shafiabady.
“Overheated or poorly ventilated spaces not only reduce occupant comfort but also increase the likelihood of airborne disease spread,” she said.
Currently, most buildings rely on static heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems, which can negatively impact both structure sustainability and occupant health.
“Static HVAC designs fall short under fluctuating climate conditions,” Associate Professor Shafiabady explained.
“The study supports the use of adaptive thermal control systems that respond to occupancy, external climate, and internal heat gains in real time.
“This opens the door for AI-driven optimisation, where machine learning models can predict and adjust thermal conditions to balance comfort, energy efficiency, and health outcomes.”
The study proposes a new framework allowing building designers and facility managers to use AI to simulate different thermal scenarios and evaluate their potential impact on reducing airborne disease transmission risk.
“It’s modular, scalable, and adaptable to different building types, from classrooms to hospital wards,” said Associate Professor Shafiabady.
“Importantly, it provides a quantitative basis for decision-making, enabling stakeholders to prioritise interventions that enhance both thermal comfort and infection control.”
The research was conducted alongside lead author Mohammadreza Haghighat from the University of Tehran and CDU co-author Ehsan Mohammadi Savadkoohi.
The authors suggest future research could integrate the AI-driven framework with real-time sensor data and advanced algorithms, as well as inform regulatory standards for building design and operation.
“This research bridges engineering and epidemiology, offering practical guidance for architects, facility managers, and policymakers seeking to future-proof buildings against health threats,” Associate Professor Shafiabady added.
